For example, the introduction of iron and steel skeletal frames made thick, load-bearing walls unnecessary, expanding the usable square footage of buildings and increasing the use of windows and availability of natural light. In chapter five, Barr distinguishes between engineering height, economic height, and developer height - where engineering height is the tallest building that can be safely made at a given time, economic height is the height that is most efficient from society's point of view, and developer height is the actual height chosen by the developer, who is attempting to maximize return on investment.Ĭhapter five also has an interesting discussion of the technological advances that led to the construction of skyscrapers. Part two of the book begins with a discussion of the economics of skyscraper height. Most of these enclaves were located on the least valuable land, between the industries located on the waterfront and the wealthy neighborhoods bordering Central Park. Barr identifies four primary immigrant enclaves and analyzes their locations in terms of the amenities available in the area. At first glance, it is not obvious why slum clearance would be limiting, while more expensive foundations would not.Ĭhapter four focuses on immigration and the location of neighborhoods and tenements in the late 19th century. Later in the book, Barr makes the claim that the depth of bedrock was not a limiting factor for developers, as foundation costs were a small fraction of the cost of development. I would have liked Barr to expand upon his claim that existing tenements prevented skyscrapers in certain neighbourhoods because 'likely no skyscraper developer was interested in performing the necessary "slum clearance". Both chapters are informative and well researched and set the stage for the economic analysis that comes later in the book. Chapter three focuses on land use before the Civil War. His love of the city comes through as he describes various fun facts about the location of the New York residence of early 19th-century vice-president Aaron Burr a.- well as a number of legends about the city.Ĭhapters two and three take the reader up to the Civil War (1861-1865), with chapter two focusing on the early development of land and the implementation of a grid system in 1811. He then moves on to a subterranean walking - our of the city, indicating the location of rock and water below the subsoil, before taking the reader back to the surface. Read the passage to answer the following questions Building the Skyline the Birth and Growth of Manhattan's Skyscrapers Reading Answersīarr begins chapter one by taking the reader on a 'helicopter time-machine' ride – giving a fascinating account of how the New York landscape in 1609 might have looked from the sky. IELTS reading practice papers can be taken into consideration by the candidates in order to score a good score in the reading section in which similar topics like Building the Skyline the Birth and Growth of Manhattan's Skyscrapers Reading Answers has been included.Ĭheck : Register for IELTS Coaching - Join for Free Trial Class Now Section 1 The candidates should thoroughly read the IELTS reading passage to recognize the synonyms and identify the keywords and answer the questions below. Three different types of questions are included in this topic, which are, choose the correct letter, Yes/No/Not Given, and complete the summary. The topic named Building the Skyline the Birth and Growth of Manhattan's Skyscrapers Reading Answers comes with 14 different wide range of questions. The given IELTS topic has originated from the book named “101 Ielts Reading Past Papers with Answers”. Building the Skyline the Birth and Growth of Manhattan's Skyscrapers Reading Answers is an academic reading topic and a detailed study about the skyscrapers of Manhattan.
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